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Research & Evidence

A curated bibliography — every source is real, cited and linked.

We do not host paraphrased PDFs. This page links directly to publications by the GMC, WHO, OECD, BMJ, Lancet and national medical councils. Follow the links to read the primary evidence in full.

RegulatorGeneral Medical Council (GMC)· 2024

The state of medical education and practice in the UK — workforce report

Annual GMC report tracking the UK medical register, including the growing share of IMGs who joined via PLAB and their distribution across specialties.

RegulatorGeneral Medical Council (GMC)· Ongoing

PLAB — Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board examination

Official PLAB blueprint, eligibility, pass marks, and quality-assurance methodology maintained by the UK medical regulator.

WHOWorld Health Organization· 2016 (updated 2023)

Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030

WHO's foundational projection of a ~10 million health-worker shortfall by 2030, concentrated in low- and middle-income countries.

WHOWorld Health Organization· 2010 (reviewed 2020)

WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel

The multilateral framework governing ethical recruitment of internationally trained doctors — the policy backdrop to any PLAB-recognition discussion.

OECDOECD· 2023

Health at a Glance 2023 — Doctors (indicator)

Comparative data on physician density, IMG share and workforce ageing across 38 OECD countries.

Peer-reviewedBMJ· 2019

Association between licensing examination scores and resource use during residency training

Evidence on the predictive validity of standardised licensing exams — directly relevant to comparing PLAB with USMLE, AMC and MCCQE.

Peer-reviewedBMJ Open· 2014

Performance of doctors who qualified outside the UK: an analysis of GMC data

Cohort analysis of fitness-to-practise outcomes among IMGs licensed via PLAB compared with UK graduates.

Peer-reviewedHuman Resources for Health (BMC)· 2020

International medical graduates and the physician workforce — a systematic review

Systematic review of IMG contribution to workforce capacity and quality of care across high-income systems.

RegulatorMedical Council of Ireland· Ongoing

Medical Council of Ireland — Pre-Registration Examination System (PRES)

Ireland's IMG pathway and the framework any PLAB-recognition submission must engage with.

RegulatorAustralian Medical Council· Ongoing

Australian Medical Council — Standard Pathway and Competent Authority Pathway

AMC's tiered IMG assessment model, including a Competent Authority Pathway that already recognises specific overseas licences.

RegulatorMedical Council of Canada· Ongoing

Medical Council of Canada — Qualifying Examination (MCCQE)

MCCQE structure and blueprint — the reference point for any Canadian PLAB-recognition proposal.

Peer-reviewedThe Lancet Planetary Health· 2020

The environmental impact of health care: a life-cycle assessment perspective

Foundational data used in our own analysis of the carbon footprint of duplicated licensing travel.

Sources are provided for reference and do not necessarily endorse the position of Advocacy for PLAB. If a link moves or a report is superseded, please let us know and we will update this page.